Barbatinic acid, Beta-Sitosterol, Atranorin, barbatic acid, binan, , depsides, depsidones, diffractaic acid, dihydrousnic acid, evernic acid, glutinol, isodihydrousnic acid, isolichenin, isomethoxide; isoanhydromethyldihydrousnic acid, longissiminone A, longissiminone B, methylusnic acid, O,O-diacetylusnic acid, (+)-protolichesterinic acid, raffinose, usnic acid (both (+)-usnic acid and (-)-usnic acid), vulpinic acid,

Whole Lichen

1.) Herbal Medicine Expanded Commission E Monographs. Blumental M, Goldberg A, Brinckman J. American Botanical Council with Integrative Medicine Communications First Edition. Newton, MA 2000 . 2.) Hsu HY, et al., Oriental Materia Medica: A Concise Guide, 1986 Oriental Healing Arts Institute, Long Beach, CA. 3.) Feng J, Yang X, Su S, He C. [Studies on chemical constituents from herbs of Usnea longissima]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2009 Mar;34(6):708-11. 4.) Odabasoglu, F., Aslan, A., Cakir, A., Suleyman, H., Karagoz, Y., Halici, M., and Bayir, Y. Comparison of antioxidant activity and phenolic content of three lichen species. Phytother Res 2004;18(11):938-941. 5.) Lauterwein M, Oethinger M, Belsner K, et al. In vitro activities of the lichen secondary metabolites vulpinic acid, (+)-usnic acid, and (-)-usnic acid against aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39:2541-3. 3.) Garty, J., Kauppi, M., and Kauppi, A. The Influence of Air Pollution on the Concentration of Airborne Elementsand on the Production of Stress-Ethylene in the Lichen Usnea hirta(L.) Weber em. Mot. Transplanted in Urban Sites in Oulu, N. Finland. Arch Environ.Contam Toxicol. 1997;32(3):285-290.

Not for use during pregnancy or lactation. If you have a medical condition or take pharmaceutical drugs please consult your doctor prior to use.

This information in our Herbal Reference Guide is intended only as a general reference for further exploration, and is not a replacement for professional health advice. This content does not provide dosage information, format recommendations, toxicity levels, or possible interactions with prescription drugs. Accordingly, this information should be used only under the direct supervision of a qualified health practitioner such as a naturopathic physician.